Box 1

Scope and Contents (1884-1978), American physician. He received his medical training at Cooper Medical College, Harvard Medical School, and Hahnemann Medical College. He practiced in Mexico and California and held early teaching posts at Stanford and the University of California. He was the Professor of Medicine at the Mayo Foundation of the University of Minnesota, and he was widely honored for his scientific and clinical work in the fields of gastroenterology and psychosomatic medicine. Alvarez was a member...

Scope and Contents (1899-1978), Canadian physician. Born in north-eastern U.S.A., he spent most of his life in Canada, and was educated at the University of Toronto. He was the recipient of honorary degrees from leading institutions in many parts of the world, and his activities include the posts of Head of Physiology at Toronto, Head of Banting and Best Department of Medical Research, Member of the Board of Directors of the International Health Division, Rockefeller Foundation, and of the Commission in...

Scope and Contents (1899-1964), American physician. He was educated at University of Georgia and Johns Hopkins University and held early teaching posts at Vanderbilt Medical School. He subsequently became Professor of Surgery at Johns Hopkins University and Surgeon-in-Chief at the Hospital. A member and officer of numerous leading scholarly societies, he was the recipient of many awards, medals and honorary degrees. He was also on the editorial boards of a number of surgical journals, and he was a pioneer and...

Scope and Contents (1885-1979), Canadian physician. Although he was born in Scotland and educated at Edinburgh, he spent most of his professional life in Canada, at first at various Canadian schools and hospitals and finally as Professor of Pathology and Bacteriology at the University of Toronto Medical School and Chief Pathologist at the Hospital. He is known for his pathology texts and his important research into cancer. He was a leading expert on the physiology and pathology of the cerebrospinal fluid,...

Scope and Contents (1868-1953), Canadian and American physician. Educated in Toronto, Cullen specialized in gynacology at Johns Hopkins University under the legendary Dr. Howard A. Kelly. He wrote and taught extensively on embryology, anatomy, diagnosis and treatment of clinical gynaecological conditions. A member and officer of surgical and gynaecological societies, he was the first to recognize a number of diseases and their physical signs (e.g., Cullen's sign for rupturred ectopic pregnancy). His work on...

Scope and Contents (1879-1955), German and American physicist. After receiving his education in Germany and Switzerland, Einstein developed concepts which helped to usher in the electronic era of physics while working as a technical assistant in the Swiss Patent Office. He held professorships in Zurich, Prague, Leyden and Berlin, and he became a naturalized citizen of the U.S.A. in 1940. He was a Fellow of the Royal Society and a Life Member of the Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton. He turned down the...

Scope and Contents (1881-1955), British bacteriologist. Born in Scotland, he was educated at the University of London and St. Mary's Medical School, where he subsequently became Professor of Bacteriology. He was also the Rector of the University of Edinburgh, and the head of the Wright-Fleming Institute of Microbiology. He received numerous honours, awards and honorary degrees, and he was knighted in 1944. Fleming discovered lysozyme in bacteria in 1922, and penicillin in 1929. In 1945 he was awarded the Nobel...

Scope and Contents (1875-1961), Swiss psychiatrist. He was educated in Zurich, where he subsequently lectured and practiced psychiatry. In 1908 he organized the First International Psychoanalytic Congress, and he was the author of many books on the psychoanalytic interpretation of man's nature and history. He defined and described the concept of introversion/extroversion, and he stressed the connection between physiological and psychological phenomena. Jung used his scholarly knowledge of mythology and yoga to...

Scope and Contents (1880-1968), American author and lecturer. Born normal, Helen Keller contracted a febrile disease of the brain which left her blind and deaf at the age of 19 months. She continued to detect sound as vibration, however, and when she was six, at the suggestion of Alexander Graham Bell, a teacher was sent for from the Perkins School for the Blind in Boston. The teacher, Annie Sullivan, and Helen Keller together proved conclusively that severe sensory loss does not preclude education for a full...

Scope and Contents (1875-1964), Alsatian physician, medical missionary and musicologist. He studied medicine and theology in Strasbourg, and tropical medicine in Paris and Hamburg. He was active as preacher, deacon and curate at St. Christopher's, Strasbourg, and as acting principal and teacher at the Theological College. His musical activities included founder membership of the Bach Society (founded in 1905), the editing of Bach's organ works, and the reintroduction of the baroque organ. He wrote numerous...